Protocol Stacks

TCP/IP:-इस Protocol समूह से Modern Communication कर सकते हैं इसमें केबल 4 Layers होती हैं ।

1-Application  2-Transport  3-Internet  4-Network

Socket:-Tcp Protocol में Port का प्रयोग होता है और Port Number और IP मिलकर एक Socket बनाते है । 

IP-10.10.10.29

Port-23

Socket-10.10.10.10.29:23

Check the Protocol Port

Network Card+Properties+Sharing+Setting.

PAP:-(Password Authentication Protocol)

ये Authentication का कमजोर Method है इस में password और user name Plain text पर जाता है । 

CHAP:-(Chalange Hands Shakeauthentication Protocol)

ये Security का Strong Protocol है इसमे यूजर और password Incripted Chipher text form में जाता है । 

TCP:-(Transmission Control Protoco) TCP Protocol Connection Oriented होता है । 

IM:-(Instant messaging) ये E-mail से थोड़ी Difrent Service है ये smg की Delebry तुरंत देती है । इसमे XMPP , OSCAR ये IRC पर Basic होता है । 

XMPP:-Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol 

OSCAR:-Open System for Communication in Realtime

IRC:-Internet Relay Chat
Example:-Fb Chat , gtalk , vtalk , jabbar , ATM.

UDP:-(User Data Gram Protocol) ये Connection Less Protocol है । इसकी Transfer Speed Tcp की अपेछा Fast होती है । लेकिन यह Data की कोई गारंटी नहीं लेता ।

ICMP:-(Internet Control Massage Protocol) यह Data massage को Control करता है यह Error Reporting Data है । Ping इसके दुयारा ही जाता है ।

ARP:-(Address Resulution Protocol) इस Protocol की Help से IP Address को Mac Address में Divice को Map करते है ।

RARP:-(Revirs Address Resolution Protocol) इस Protocol की Help से Mac Address को IP Address में Convert  करते है । Mac Address 48 -bit का होता है ।

Encapsulation:-Data bits का Fream और Fream का Packets में Convert होना । OSI Model और TCP /IP Model में Data Packed का Upper layer तक जाना Encapsulation कहलाता है ।

IP Addressing :-इस के 5 Class होते है । 

Class A  1-126

Class B  128-191

Class C  192-223

Class D  224-239

Class E  240-255

Class	Leftmost bits	Start address	Finish address
A	0xxx	0.0.0.0	127.255.255.255
B	10xx	128.0.0.0	191.255.255.255
C	110x	192.0.0.0	223.255.255.255
D	1110	224.0.0.0	239.255.255.255
E	1111	240.0.0.0	255.255.255.255

Note:Class D,E का use Scientifle Lab में होता है । Class A में आगे की 8 Bit Network कि और पीछे Host की होती है । 

n.n.nnnnnn.hhhhhhhh.h.h

  Network   8Host    8h 8h

8Network   24Host

Class B की 16 BIT आगे और Network 16 BIT पीछे Host 

Class C की 24 BIT आगे और Network 8 BIT पीछे Host 

 IP Address Class Network and Host Capacities

IP Address Class	Total # Of Bits For Network ID / Host ID	First Octet of IP Address	# Of Network ID Bits Used To Identify Class	Usable # Of Network ID Bits	Number of Possible Network IDs	# Of Host IDs Per Network ID
Class A	8 / 24	0xxx xxxx	1	8-1 = 7	27-2 = 126	224-2 = 16,277,214
Class B	16 / 16	10xx xxxx	2	16-2 = 14	214 = 16,384	216-2 = 65,534
Class C	24 / 8	110x xxxx	3	24-3 = 21	221 = 2,097,152	28-2 = 254

IP address classes

Class	1st Octet Decimal Range	1st Octet High Order Bits	Network/Host ID (N=Network, H=Host)	Default Subnet Mask	Number of Networks	Hosts per Network (Usable Addresses)
A	1 – 126*	0	N.H.H.H	255.0.0.0	126 (27 – 2)	16,777,214 (224 – 2)
B	128 – 191	10	N.N.H.H	255.255.0.0	16,382 (214 – 2)	65,534 (216 – 2)
C	192 – 223	110	N.N.N.H	255.255.255.0	2,097,150 (221 – 2)	254 (28 – 2)
D	224 – 239	1110	Reserved for Multicasting
E	240 – 254	1111	Experimental; used for research

Note: Class A addresses 127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 cannot be used and is reserved for loopback and diagnostic functions.

Private IP Addresses

Class	Private Networks	Subnet Mask	Address Range
A	10.0.0.0	255.0.0.0	10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
B	172.16.0.0 - 172.31.0.0	255.240.0.0	172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
C	192.168.0.0	255.255.0.0	192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

OSI Model

Layer #	Name	Mnemonic	Encapsulation Units	Devices or Components	Keywords/Description
7	Application	All	data	PC	Network services for application processes, such as file, print, messaging, database services
6	Presentation	People	data		Standard interface to data for the application layer. MIME encoding, data encryption, conversion, formatting, compression
5	Session	Seem	data		Interhost communication. Establishes, manages and terminates connection between applications
4	Transport	To	segments		End-to-end connections and reliability. Segmentation/desegmentation of data in proper sequence. Flow control
3	Network	Need	packets	router	Logical addressing and path determination. Routing. Reporting delivery errors
2	Data Link	Data	frames	bridge, switch, NIC	Physical addressing and access to media. Two sublayers: Logical Link Control (LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC)
1	Physical	Processing	bits	repeater, hub, transciever	Binary transmission signals and encoding. Layout of pins, voltages, cable specifications, modulation

OSI comparision with TCP/IP Protocol Stack

OSI #	OSI Layer Name	TCP/IP #	TCP/IP Layer Name	Encapsulation Units	TCP/IP Protocols
7	Application	4	Application	data	FTP, HTTP, POP3, IMAP, telnet, SMTP, DNS, TFTP
6	Presentation			data
5	Session			data
4	Transport	3	Transport	segments	TCP, UDP
3	Network	2	Internet	packets	IP
2	Data Link	1	Network Access	frames
1	Physical			bits